Hasanuddin International Airport

Waiting room

Hasanuddin International Airport is an airport in Ujung Pandang/Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia (IATA: UPG, ICAO: WAAA). Currently, the airport is building a new terminal which is more modern in design and functionality.



The following destinations are served from Hasanuddin:

* Adam Air (Jakarta, Surabaya)
* Batavia Air (Jakarta, Kendari, Manokwari, Palu, Surabaya, Kendari)
* Garuda Indonesia (Balikpapan, Biak, Denpasar-Bali, Jakarta, Jayapura, Manado, Surabaya)
* Merpati Nusantara Airlines (Balikpapan, Biak, Jakarta, Kendari, Luwuk, Manado, Palu, Sorong, Surabaya, Tembagapura, Ternate, Yogyakarta)
* Lion Air (Ambon, Denpasar Bali, Gorontalo, Jakarta, Kendari, Manado, Palu, Surabaya)
* Mandala Airlines (Ambon, Jakarta)
* Sriwijaya Air (Gorontalo, Jakarta, Kendari, Surabaya, Palu)
* Pelita Air Service (Sorowako)
* Dirgantara Air Service (Mamuju, Selayar, Masamba, Palopo, Toraja)
* Express Air (Jakarta, Sorong, Jayapura)
* Trigana Air (Kupang, Luwuk)
* Pelita Air (Jakarta, Sorong)

References

• Ujung Pandang/Makassar Destinations

Makassar language

Makassar language
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Makassar
Spoken in: Indonesia
Region: South Sulawesi
Total speakers: 1,600,000 (1989)
Language family: Austronesian
Malayo-Polynesian (MP)
Nuclear MP
Sunda-Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
Makassar
Writing system: Lontara, Roman alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: mak
ISO 639-3: mak
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Makassar (sometimes spelled Makasar or Macassar) is both a language and a writing system used by the people in South Sulawesi island (Celebes) in Indonesia.

The Makassar language is a member of the Austronesian language family, and closely related to Buginese in the group South Sulawesi languages.

Although Makassarese is now often written with the Roman alphabet, it is still widely written in its own distinctive script, also called Lontara, which once was used also to write important documents in Bugis and Mandar, two related language from Sulawesi.

The Makassar symbols are written using mostly straight oblique lines and dots. In spite of its is quite distinctive appearance, it is derived from the ancient Brahmi scripts of India. Like other descendants of that script, each consonant has an inherent vowel "a", which is not marked. Other vowels can be indicated by adding one of five diacritics above, below, or on either side of each consonant.

Some common words/phrases in the Makassar language using the Roman alphabet are as follows (' = glottal stop):

* balla' = house;
* bulu = hair/fur;
* bambang = hot/warm;
* cipuru' = hungry;
* doe' = money;
* iyo = yes;
* jappa-jappa = to go for a walk;
* lompo = big/large;
* sallo = long;
* tabe' = excuse me;
* tena = no;
* karaeng = king;
* apa kareba? = how are you?;
* lakeko mae? = where are you going?;
* battu kemae ko? = where have you been?
* ballang = get tanned
* botto' = smelly
* rantasa' = disgusting
* sallo = slowly
* battala = fatty
* billa = far away
* gele-gele = tickle
* kong kong = dog
* jarang = horse
* bembe' = goat

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Indonesia

Indonesia is a republic with a presidential system. As a unitary state, power is concentrated in the national government. Following the resignation of President Suharto in 1998, Indonesian political and governmental structures have undergone major reforms. Four amendments to the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia.have revamped the executive, judicial, and legislative branches. The president of Indonesia is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the Indonesian Armed Forces, and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign affairs. The president appoints a council of ministers, who are not required to be elected members of the legislature. The 2004 presidential election was the first in which the people directly elected the president and vice president. The president serves a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms.
A session of the People's Representative Council in Jakarta
A session of the People's Representative Council in Jakarta

The highest representative body at national level is the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR). Its main functions are supporting and amending the constitution, inaugurating the president, and formalizing broad outlines of state policy. It has the power to impeach the president. The MPR comprises two houses; the People's Representative Council (DPR), with 550 members, and the Regional Representatives Council (DPD), with 168 members. The DPR passes legislation and monitors the executive branch; party-aligned members are elected for five-year terms by proportional representation.[37] Reforms since 1998 have markedly increased the DPR's role in national governance. The DPD is a new chamber for matters of regional management.

Most civil disputes appear before a State Court; appeals are heard before the High Court. The Supreme Court is the country's highest court, and hears final cassation appeals and conducts case reviews. Other courts include the Commercial Court, which handles bankruptcy and insolvency; a State Administrative Court to hear administrative law cases against the government; a Constitutional Court to hear disputes concerning legality of law, general elections, dissolution of political parties, and the scope of authority of state institutions; and a Religious Court to deal with specific religious cases.

Indonesian National Revolution and Liberal Democracy Era in Indonesia (1950-1957)

See also: Indonesian National Revolution and Liberal Democracy Era in Indonesia (1950-1957)

Following the Japanese surrender, Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, and Dr. Radjiman Wediodiningrat were summoned by Marshal Terauchi, Commander-in-Chief of Japan's Southern Expeditionary Forces in Saigon. Sukarno initially hesitated in declaring Indonesia's independence. He and Mohammad Hatta were kidnapped by Indonesian youth groups to Rengasdengklok, west of Jakarta. Finally Sukarno and Hatta declared the independence of the Republic of Indonesia on August 17, 1945.

Sukarno's vision for the 1945 Indonesian constitution comprised the Pancasila (Sanskrit - five principles). Sukarno's political philosophy, Marhaenism, was guided by (in no particular order) elements of Marxism, nationalism and Islam. This is reflected in the Pancasila, in the order in which he originally espoused them in a speech on June 1, 19451:

1. Nationalism (with a focus on national unity)
2. Internationalism ('one nation sovereign amongst equals')
3. Representative democracy (all significant groups represented)
4. Social Justice (Marxist influenced)
5. Theism (with a secular bent)

In the same speech, he argued that all of the principles of the nation could be summarized in the phrase gotong royong.[10] The Indonesian parliament, founded on the basis of this original (and subsequently revised) constitution, proved all but ungovernable. This was due to irreconcilable differences between various social, political, religious and ethnic factions2.

Sukarno's government initially postponed the formation of a national army, for fear of antagonizing the Allied occupation forces and their doubt over whether they would have been able to form an adequate military apparatus to maintain control of seized territory. The various militia groups at that time were encouraged to join the BKR -- Badan Keamanan Rakyat (The People's Security Organization) -- itself a subordinate of the "War Victims Assistance Organization". It was only in October 1945 that the BKR was reformed into the TKR -- Tentara Keamanan Rakyat (The People's Security Army) in response to the increasing Dutch presence in Indonesia. In the ensuing chaos between various factions and Dutch attempts to re-establish colonial control, Dutch troops captured Sukarno in December 1948, but were forced to release him after the ceasefire. He returned to Jakarta in December 28, 1949. At this time, Indonesia adopted a new federal constitution that made the country a federal state. This was replaced by another provisional constitution in 1950 that restored a unitary form of government. Both constitutions were parliamentary in nature, which--on paper--limited presidential power. However, even with his formally reduced role, he commanded a good deal of moral authority as Father of the Nation.

Sukarno's government was not universally accepted in Indonesia. Indeed, many factions and regions attempted to separate themselves from his government, and there were several internal conflicts even during the period of armed insurgency against the Dutch. One such example is the leftist-backed coup attempt by elements of the military in Madiun, East Java in 1948, in which many supporters of communism were allegedly executed.

There were further attempts of military coups against Sukarno in 1956, including the PRRI-Permesta rebellion in Sulawesi supported by the CIA, during which an American aviator, Allen Lawrence Pope, operating in support of the rebels was shot down and captured.

Sukarno

Sukarno, Indonesia's founding president

Sukarno (June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. He helped the country win its independence from the Netherlands and was President from 1945 to 1967, presiding with mixed success over the country's turbulent transition to independence. Sukarno was forced down from power by one of his generals, Suharto, who formally became President in March 1967.

The spelling "Sukarno" has been official in Indonesia since 1947 but the older spelling Soekarno is still frequently used, mainly because he signed his signature in the old spelling. Official Indonesian presidential decrees from the period 1947-1968, however, printed his name using the 1947 spelling.

Indonesians also remember him as Bung Karno or Pak Karno.Like many Javanese people, he had one name; in religious contexts, he was occasionally referred to as 'Achmad Sukarno'.

Banda Islands

Banda Islands. Once one of the world's most valuable commodities,
it drew the first European colonial powers to Indonesia.

History

As early as the first century CE Indonesian vessels made trade voyages as far as Africa. Picture: a ship carved on Borobudur, circa 800 CE

Indonesia

Indonesia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Republik Indonesia
Republic of Indonesia
Flag of Indonesia Coat of arms of Indonesia
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Old Javanese)
Unity in Diversity
National ideology: Pancasila[1]
Anthem: Indonesia Raya
Location of Indonesia
Capital
(and largest city) Jakarta
[show location on an interactive map] 6°10.5′S, 106°49.7′E
Official languages Indonesian
Demonym Indonesian
Government Presidential republic
- President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
- Vice President Muhammad Jusuf Kalla
Independence
- Declared 17 August 1945
Area
- Total 1,919,440 km² (16th)
735,355 sq mi
- Water (%) 4.85
Population
- July 2007 est. estimate 234,693,997 (4th)
- 2000 census 206,264,595
- Density 134/km² (84th)
347/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2007 estimate
- Total $1,038 billion [2] (15th)
- Per capita $4,356 [3] (114th)
GDP (nominal) 2007 estimate
- Total $408 billion [2] (21st)
- Per capita $1,812 [2] (114th)
Gini (2002) 34.3 (medium)
HDI (2007) 0.728 (medium) (107th)
Currency Rupiah (IDR)
Time zone various (UTC+7 to +9)
Internet TLD .id
Calling code +62

The Republic of Indonesia (IPA: /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziːə/, /ˌɪndəˈniːziːə/) (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia), is a nation in Southeast Asia. Comprising 17,508 islands, it is the world's largest archipelagic state. With a population of over 234 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority nation, although officially it is not an Islamic state. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected parliament and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, the Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the seventh century, when the Srivijaya Kingdom formed trade links with China. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Under Indian influence, Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished from the early centuries CE. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Exploration. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.

Across its many islands, Indonesia consists of distinct ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. The Javanese are the largest and politically dominant ethnic group. As a unitary state and a nation, Indonesia has developed a shared identity defined by a national language, a majority Muslim population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesia's national motto, "Bhinneka tunggal ika" ("Unity in Diversity" lit. "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country. However, sectarian tensions and separatism have led to violent confrontations that have undermined political and economic stability. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's second highest level of biodiversity. The country is richly endowed with natural resources, yet poverty is a defining feature of contemporary Indonesia.

Bombarment

Bombarment of Fort Mc Henry September 13 1814

The USS Enterprise Schooner

The USS Enterprise Schooner returns from The Carribbean ( March 9 1814)

Raja-Raja Bugis

Left to right: Raja Haji of Selangor, Jusuf Kalla, Indonesian vice president, and B.J. Habibie, former Indonesian president.

This article is about ethnic groups of South Sulawesi. For Bugis Street in Singapore, see Bugis Street.
Bugis
Left to right: Raja Haji of Selangor, Jusuf Kalla, Indonesian vice president, and B.J. Habibie, former Indonesian president.
Total population

5.0 million (2000 census)
Regions with significant populations
South Sulawesi (Indonesia): 3.4 million
East Kalimantan (Indonesia): 0.4 million
Malaysia:728,465 a
Singapore
Language(s)
Bugis, Indonesian, Malay
Religion(s)
Islam, animism
Footnotes
a An estimated 3,500,000 claim Bugis descent.

The Bugis are the most numerous of the three major linguistic and ethnic groups of South Sulawesi, the southwestern province of Sulawesi, Indonesia's third largest island. Although many Bugis live in the large port cities of Makassar and Parepare, the majority are farmers who grow wet rice on the lowland plains to the north and west of the town of Maros. The name Bugis is an exonym which represents an older form of the name; (To) Ugi is the endonym.

The Bugis speak a distinct regional language in addition to Indonesian, called Basa Ugi, Bugis or Buginese. In reality, there are a several dialects, some of which are sufficiently different from others to be considered separate languages. Bugis belongs to the South Sulawesi language group; other members include Makasar, Toraja, Mandar and Enrekang, each being a series of dialects.

In historical European literature, the Bugis have a reputation for being fierce, war-like, and industrious. Honor, status, and rank are of great importance to the Bugis. They are a self-sufficient people who have a positive self-image and are very confident of their own abilities. As the most numerous group in the region (more than 5 million), they have had considerable influence on their neighbors.

Taopere

Pinisi boats at the port of Paotere in Makassar

Makassar

This article is about the city in Indonesia. For the town in South Africa, see Macassar, Western Cape.
Makassar
Official seal of Makassar
Seal
Makassar (Indonesia)
Makassar
Makassar
Location of Makassar in Indonesia
Coordinates: [show location on an interactive map] 5°8′S 119°25′E / -5.133, 119.417
Country Indonesia
Province South Sulawesi
Government
- Mayor Ilham Arief Sirajuddin
Area
- Total 175.77 km² (67.9 sq mi)
Population
- Total 1,250,000
Time zone WITA (UTC+8)
- Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+8)


Makassar, (Macassar, Mangkasar) is the provincial capital of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and the largest city on Sulawesi Island. From 1971 to 1999, the city was formally named Ujung Pandang, after a precolonial fort in the city, and the two names are often used interchangeably. The port city is located at [show location on an interactive map] 5°8′S, 119°25′E, on the southwest coast of the island of Sulawesi, facing the Makassar Strait.

Its area is 175.77 km² and has population of 1.25 million.